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Lingchi
Lingchi (, alternately transliterated ''ling chi'' or ''leng t'che''), translated variously as death by a thousand cuts () or “千刀万剐”, the slow process, the lingering death, or slow slicing, was a form of torture and execution used in China from roughly AD 900 until it was banned in 1905. In this form of execution, a knife was used to methodically remove portions of the body over an extended period of time, eventually resulting in death. The term "''língchí''" is derived from a classical description of ascending a mountain slowly. ''Lingchi'' was reserved for crimes viewed as especially severe, such as treason, or killing one's parents. The process involved tying the condemned prisoner to a wooden frame, usually in a public place. The flesh was then cut from the body in multiple slices in a process that was not specified in detail in Chinese law, and therefore most likely varied. In later times, opium was sometimes administered either as an act of mercy or as a way of preventing fainting. The punishment worked on three levels: as a form of public humiliation, as a slow and lingering death, and as a punishment after death.
According to the Confucian principle of filial piety or ''xiào'', to alter one's body or to cut the body are considered unfilial practices (see Xiao Jing). ''Lingchi'' therefore contravenes the demands of ''xiao''. In addition, to be cut to pieces meant that the body of the victim would not be "whole" in a spiritual life after death. This method of execution became a fixture in the image of China among some Westerners.〔.〕
==Description==
''Lingchi'' could be used for the torture and execution of a living person, or applied as an act of humiliation after death. It was meted out for major offenses such as treason, mass murder, patricide or the murder of one's master or employer. Emperors used it to threaten people and sometimes ordered it for minor offenses.〔Hongwu Emperor. ''大誥'' (Patent )〕〔文秉 (Bing ). ''先撥志始'' (One of the History )〕 There were forced convictions and wrongful executions.〔王世貞. ''弇山堂别集'', vol. 97〕〔劉若愚. ''酌中志'', vol. 2〕 Some emperors meted out this punishment to the family members of their enemies.〔''苏州杂志·沈万三家族覆灭记''〕〔谷應泰. ''明史紀事本末'', vol. 18〕〔''國朝典故·立閑齋錄''〕〔 (太平天國.1 ). UDN. Retrieved 20 May 2012.〕 While it is difficult to obtain accurate details of how the executions took place, they generally consisted of cuts to the arms, legs, and chest leading to amputation of limbs, followed by decapitation or a stab to the heart. If the crime was less serious or the executioner merciful, the first cut would be to the throat causing death; subsequent cuts served solely to dismember the corpse.
Art historian James Elkins〔Elkins, James, ''The Object Stares Back: On the Nature of Seeing'', New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996〕 argues that extant photos of the execution clearly show that the "death by division" (as it was termed by German criminologist R. Heindl) involved some degree of dismemberment while the subject was living. Elkins also argues that, contrary to the apocryphal version of "death by a thousand cuts", the actual process could not have lasted long. The condemned individual is not likely to have remained conscious and aware (if even alive) after one or two severe wounds, so the entire process could not have included more than a "few dozen" wounds. In the Yuan dynasty, one hundred cuts were inflicted〔Guan Hanqing, ''The Injustice to Dou E''〕 but by the Ming dynasty there were records of three thousand incisions.〔鄧之誠. ''骨董續記'', vol. 2〕〔''漁樵話鄭本末''〕 It is described as a fast process lasting no longer than fifteen to twenty minutes. Available photographic records〔 seem to prove the speed of the event as the crowd remains consistent across the series of photographs. Moreover, these photographs show a striking contrast between the stream of blood that soaks the left flank of the victim and the lack of blood on the right side, possibly showing that the first or the second cut has reached the heart.〔.〕〔.〕 The ''coup de grâce'' was all the more certain when the family could afford a bribe to have a stab to the heart inflicted first.〔(狱中杂记 )〕 Some emperors ordered three days of cutting〔沈德符. ''萬曆野獲編'', vol. 28〕〔張文麟. ''端巖公年譜''〕 while others may have ordered specific tortures before the execution,〔(台湾籍太监林表之死 )〕 or a longer execution.〔燕北老人. ''清代十三朝宫闱秘史''〕〔徐珂. ''清稗類鈔''〕〔(「凌遲」最駭人的死刑5 (慎入) ). Pixnet (22 April 2010). Retrieved 20 May 2012.〕 For example, records show that during his execution Yuan Chonghuan could be heard shouting for half a day before his death.〔計六奇. ''明季北略'', vol.5〕 The flesh of the victims may also have been sold as medicine.〔計六奇. ''明季北略'', vol.15〕 As an official punishment, death by slicing may also have involved slicing the bones, cremation, and scattering of the deceased's ashes.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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